Understanding Psychosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Paths to Healing

Psychosis is a condition that affects how a person processes and experiences reality. While the term can sound intimidating, understanding what it is, its symptoms, and available treatments is the first step toward seeking help and finding healing. A period in which someone experiences psychosis is sometimes called a "psychotic episode" or "psychotic break."

Contrary to popular belief, psychosis is more common than some may think. Between 1.5% and 3.5% of people will meet the criteria for a psychotic disorder in their lifetime, with many more experiencing psychotic symptoms at some point in their lives.

What Are the Symptoms of Psychosis?

The most common symptoms of psychosis are hallucinations and delusions.

• Hallucinations are sensory experiences that aren’t real. They can involve any of the five senses. For example, a person might see something that isn’t there, hear voices, or feel sensations on their skin.

• Delusions are strong beliefs that don't align with reality. A person might believe they are being followed, that others can read their mind, or that they have a special connection to powerful forces, such as aliens or deities.

Beyond these core symptoms, psychosis can also manifest through a range of early warning signs, which can sometimes be mistaken for other conditions or reactions to stress. These signs can include:

• Disorganized thoughts and speech

• Extreme or flat emotions

• Suspicion or paranoia

• Social withdrawal or isolation

• A sudden decline in self-care

• Changes in sleep patterns

If you or a loved one are experiencing these warning signs, it's a good idea to speak with a mental health professional or your primary care doctor.

What Causes Psychosis?

Psychosis can be a symptom of a mental health condition, or it can be a one-time event triggered by specific circumstances. Research shows that a combination of factors can contribute to its development.

Risk factors for psychosis can include:

• Genetics: Having a family history of psychotic disorders may increase a person’s likelihood of developing one. However, genes alone do not guarantee psychosis.

• Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in brain chemicals may play a role.

• Trauma: Traumatic experiences can trigger a psychotic break.

• Substance Use: The use of drugs or alcohol can cause or worsen psychotic symptoms.

• Brain Injury: A traumatic brain injury can increase the likelihood of experiencing psychosis.

Psychosis is also a symptom of several specific mental health disorders, including:

• Schizophrenia: A chronic mental health disorder that involves psychosis, along with other symptoms like disorganized speech and a reduced range of emotions. It's important to remember that not everyone who experiences psychosis has schizophrenia.

• Bipolar Disorder: During episodes of mania, a person with bipolar disorder may experience psychosis.

• Psychotic Depression: A severe form of depression in which psychosis is a symptom.

• PTSD: In some cases, people with PTSD may experience hallucinations or delusions related to a traumatic event.

• Postpartum Psychosis: A rare condition that can develop shortly after childbirth, with symptoms including psychosis, confusion, and anxiety.

Treatment Options for Psychosis

The good news is that psychosis is treatable, and with the right support, people can and do recover. Treatment is typically tailored to the individual, depending on their symptoms and underlying causes.

Common approaches include a combination of medication and psychotherapy:

• Medication: Antipsychotic medications can help regulate moods, emotions, and thought patterns, which can significantly reduce the severity of psychotic symptoms.

• Psychotherapy: Therapy can provide a safe space to process experiences and develop coping skills.

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This approach helps individuals identify and change unhelpful thinking and behavior patterns associated with their symptoms.

  • Internal Family Systems (IFS) Therapy: IFS involves exploring the different "parts" of your inner self and understanding the roles and intentions of each one. This can be a powerful way to bring a sense of wholeness to a fragmented experience.

  • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): This therapy helps reprocess traumatic memories and reduce the distress associated with them, which is especially helpful when trauma is a trigger for psychosis.

Psychosis is a serious condition, but it is not a life sentence. Early intervention and consistent treatment can significantly improve a person’s quality of life and help them live a full and meaningful life. If you believe you may be experiencing psychosis, reach out to a therapist or your doctor right away.

If you or someone you know is in crisis, help is available 24/7. Call or text the 988 Lifeline at 988 for free, confidential support.